The Role of Government in the Economy

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The Role of Government in the Economy

Early Policy Developments

Many early postindependence leaders, such as Nehru, were influenced by socialist ideas and advocated government intervention to guide the economy, including state ownership of key industries. The objective was to achieve high and balanced economic development in the general interest while particular programs and measures helped the poor. India's leaders also believed that industrialization was the key to economic development. This belief was all the more convincing in India because of the country's large size, substantial natural resources, and desire to develop its own defense industries.

Preamble of India

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PREAMBLE OF INDIA

Preamble is an introductory statement, stating the aims and objectives of the constitution. Accordingly, the preamble to the Indian constitution spells out the basic philosophy contained in the body of the Indian Constitution. The preamble is as follows:

What is share market ?

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What is share market ?

Answer

Companies raise capital money for running and expanding their businesses from the public and other institutions. They allot shares of the company to them in return. The shares have certain monetary value. Depending on the performance of the company, the share price goes up or down. The holder of the shares can buy or sell the shares through a stock exchange, this is known as Sharemarket. 

Nature of Marketing

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TEXT VERSION



This is an essay on the topic of marketing. Marketing is defined as the process of

encouraging and influencing the market through different methods. This document will

explain the nature of marketing and how a business or individual can exploit a variety of

marketing techniques to their benefit. This essay is ideal for individuals or businesses

that want to learn more about the topic and how to take advantage of different marketing

techniques.

Nature of Marketing

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Decision making bias – what to be aware of in an HR environment

Decision bias have been demonstrated by experiments and obersvations in the feilds of Psychology and Behavioural Economics, essentially these biases impact negatively on the standard of judgement.  Given that Human Resource practitioners make decisions everyday, its important to note the biases that we as individuals in the field might exhibit or encounter in others.

Here is a list of some of the more common threats to decision making within an HR environment:

Staffing....Importance,Characteristics & Function of Staffing

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STAFFING

NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF STAFFING

Staffing is a process to fill the job positions with suitable number of people having the required skill sets so as to achieve the desired targets. It involves recruitment, selection, placement, training and development of peoples as capable employees of the organization.

Staffing also involves processes like career planning, succession planning, compensation and incentives, performance appraisal, promotion, demotions and transfers etc. In a broader term we can define staffing as an activity to find out the nature and number of people required working for the organization, attracting retaining and appraising the employees so that the organization targets can be achieved in an effective and efficient manner.

What is Direction...characteristics,Importance & Principles of Direction

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DIRECTING

Directing is a managerial process of guiding, motivating, leading and supervising employees to accomplish desired organizational objective, once the objectives are being defined the planning is being done and inputs like manpower, machines, materials are brought together, the implementation will only be successful if the direction is being done effectively, directing is people oriented activity which helps to ensure that the resources are utilized in an optimum level and the tasks are being carried out as per the planed course of action.

The process of directing helps the employees to stick to the predetermined path and prevents ineffective use of resources due to lack of interest and lethargy. Directing deals with issuing of instructions to begin or end a task, to supervise and guide work and eliminate hindrance to accomplishment of the objective, it ensure that personnel are motivated and contribute their efforts in the direction of the achievement of the objectives. As per Koontz and O’Donnell “ Directing includes all those activities which a manager undertakes to influence the actions of his subordinates and achieve goals.”

Characteristics of Directing

What is Organizing....Importance & Steps in Organising

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ORGANIZING

The organization can be defined in many ways and many experts had given their own definitions in this regard, after analysis the basics of these definitions we can define the organization as follows

Organization can be defined as a group of working together in an interdependent and interrelated environment to achieve predetermined unified objectives through efficient and effective use of available resources through division of work. Interrelationship is of cooperation, coordination and communication and interdependencies is of delegation of authorities and responsibilities.                                                                                         

So following points are there to further understand the concept of organizing

Group of people:- organizing involves group of people, until there is not more than two people organizing is not possible.

Working together:- organizing require that people should be working in togetherness and not in isolation to achieve the objective.

Unified Objectives:- organizing required defining objectives, and these objectives should be unified i.e. each activity or achievement of individual target is one step further in achieving the main goal of the organization, the individual targets can be directly or indirectly related to achievement of the overall target.

What is Planning,Importance, Limitations & Characteristics of Planning.

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PLANNING

Planning is a process of setting objectives by way of gathering information & analyzing it to forecast the future situations and select suitable course of action from available alternatives, following which the objectives can be achieved. It involves deciding in advance what to do, when to do, where to do, how to do and who is to do and how the results are to be evaluated.

The function of planning includes defining the objectives, policies & procedures, rules & regulations, strategies & budgeting. The purpose of planning is to minimize the risk and to make full advantage of situations that may arise in future. It bridges the gap from where we are and where we want to go. Good planning is flexible in nature as it can adjust to changes in business conditions. It covers both short-term and long-term periods.

Characteristics of Planning

·         Planning is Primary Function :- planning is the primary function of management, without planning nothing is defined in the organization i.e. what they wanted to achieve and do, what is the guidelines etc. according to Koontz planning provide the basic foundation from which all future management function arise.

Effect of Globalization On Indian Television & Culture.

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Effect of Globalization on Indian Television & Culture

With the advent of satellite technology, television has been credited to bringing about the globalisation process because of its extensive international reach of programmes. In this age of multi-channel global television, the world is shrinking and the geographic barriers are being broken because of the evident flood of international television programmes throughout the world. In fact, global media have become so pervasive that media critic Douglas Kellner stipulates that we are witnessing the onset of a “new form of a global cultutre”, in which globally produced “images, sounds and spectacles help produce the fabric of everyday life… providing the materials out of which people forge their very identities” (quoted in strelitz, 2001; also cited in Chaudhary, 2005). If we are indeed witnessing such new form of global culture, some important questions arise: Do people form Western cultural identities from the globally produced materials or are they able to shape their own cultural identities? Are the globally produced materials bringing in cultural uniformity throughout the world or is there any scope for cultural diversity?